Thursday, April 2, 2009

Monthly Newsletter for Section Leaders: Volume 1, Number 12 (April 2009)

SECTION CHAIR’S EXIT MESSAGE


Shyam S. Mohanka, Ph. D., P.E., BCEE
Civil & Environmental Engineer

A great deal has been accomplished over the last year at the New York Section AWWA (NYSAWWA) and much remains to be done. My commitment to the NYSAWWA in 2008-09 was to focus on the existing programs and activities including proposed new initiatives that would give us a direction and a road map to achieve our long term goals. The Section’s long term goals were established in 2005 and many hard working volunteers are making progress on the key issues identified in the Long Term Goals.

In my 30 years of leadership positions with the NYSAWWA, I have experienced very few years where so much has been accomplished by so many. We are tackling the major challenge of losing many of our members to retirement by working closely with the AWWA, to forge a link with potential student members. We are establishing student chapters at RPI, Troy and SUNY ESF, Syracuse. Through these chapters we will encourage graduates to follow a path leading to careers in water profession.

Although our financial health is fine now, we must not forget that we are in the midst of the worst worldwide financial crisis since the great depression and it has impacted each and everyone in our community. If we are hurting, think of what is happening to others. In order that we continue to provide educational opportunities (Training Seminars, Tifft Symposium), programs (Annual Water Event, Summer Workshop and Board Meetings) and supporting activities ( WFP Golf Tournament, Fly in Delegates to Washington D.C., Publish Aquarius two times a year, Maintain our newly established Section’s Website, Support our Section Staff with adequate compensation and resources to do the job, NYSAWWA Reception at the ACE, AWWA Workshop, RMSO and ACE meetings, Support for Top ops, Best Tasting Water Contest and Meter Madness Competitions at the ACE and other associated services) this year and in the future, we must dig deeper to help. We have through our “Water for People” program major opportunities to influence the history of the world (How about millions of children saved from waterborne disease and malnutrition). These marks come with a price tag and therefore, we need your commitment to support the section’s efforts with your generosity and contribution.

I hope to conclude my term as the Section Chair with a great deal of satisfaction regarding the 2008-09 initiatives and future vision plan (Grow membership & retain current members, establish long range training plan for New York State, educate K-12 and college students on careers in water supply, strengthen relationship with LWWC, plan for 100th anniversary celebration in 2014 and develop leaders capable of serving in NYSAWWA and beyond) that has been recommended to the board for consideration. I look forward to serving on the Board as Past Chair during the term 2009-10 and as a member of several committees (100th Anniversary, Education Fund, Awards and Trustee Nominating) in future years. Given the names of those who have historically served as the Section Chair of this great organization, I am humbled by the opportunity you have given me to serve in that role in 2008-09.

WATER FACTS, NEWS, IQ & TIPS

Water Facts (The Global Water Crisis): Almost two in three people lacking access to clean water live on less than $ 2.00 a day. Poor people living in the slums often pay 5-10 times more for per liter of water than wealthy people living in the same city.

Water-Related Disease Facts (The Global Water Crisis): The water and sanitation crisis claims more lives through disease than any war claims through guns.

Drinking Water Factoids (EPA Publication “Factoids Drinking Water & Ground Water Statistics for 2008”): There are approximately 155,000 public water systems in the U.S. There are approximately 52,000 community water systems, but just 8% of those systems (4143) serve 82 % of the people. In 2008, 92% of systems met or exceeded drinking water standards, up from 79% in 1993. For regulations that were in place prior to 2001, nearly 95% of systems met the targets.

AWWA News Release (March 17, 2009): As part of its ongoing commitment to encourage efficient use of water resources, the AWWA, today announced it will partner with the Water Smart Innovations Conference and Exposition, October 7-9, 2009, in Las Vegas.

AWWA News Release (March 18, 2009): The AWWA will host its fifth annual career Fair for students, young professionals and job seekers from 1-4 p.m. June 16 during AWWA’s Annual Conference and Exposition (ACE09) at the San Diego Convention Center.

AWWA News Release (March 20, 2009): The AWWA today joined the United Nations and water advocates throughout the world in recognizing the 16th annual World Water Day on March 22, 2009. Eighty-five Water Day events have been planned across 27 countries as of this release. The United States and Canada will hold 37 such events, the most of any region in the world. More information on world Water Day 2009 can be found at http://www.worldwaterday.org/

AWWA & NYSAWWA MILESTONES (1990 -2009)

1990 – AWWA membership reaches 51,955. AWWA & AWWARF develop Water Industry Data Base, forerunner to Water Stats. E.Coli 0157:H7 in water system suspected as cause of disease outbreak in Cabool, MO.
1991 – February, Water for People (WFP) founded by AWWA. USEPA promulgates Lead & Copper Rule; implementation issues nearly precipitate state primacy crisis.
1992 – AWWA launches Water Week. Water supply suspected in cryptosporidiosis outbreak in Medford, Ore.
1993 – Cryptosporidium outbreak in Milwaukee. 370,000 were ill, and 110 deaths reported. This was the largest outbreak of waterborne disease in modern US record.
1994 – AWWA Annual Conference was held in New York City, New York. .
1994 – Manoj Ajmera was the first recipient of the AWWA Platinum Presidential Award from New York Section for membership recruitment
1995 – December, AWWA membership grows to 54,100. AWWA joins with USEPA and other organizations to establish the partnership for Safe Water. AWWA goes online with
1996 – SDWA reauthorized.
1997 – Flooding inundates water facilities in North Dakota and Minnesota. AWWA produces award-winning youth education videos starring Ethel Mermaid and Tad Pole.
1998 – Bacteriological water quality issues on the forefront with the promulgation of the Interim Enhanced Surface Water Treatment and Stage I Disinfection By-Products Rules. Giardia, Crypto breakthroughs at Sydney water plant brings worldwide attention. Y2K concerns prompt utilities to action.
1999 – December 31, Utilities prepare for possible Y2K computer malfunctions. 199 marks the 25th anniversary of SDWA.
2000 – AWWA membership reaches 56, 825. Walkerton, Ontario crypto reported outbreak.
2001 – As a result of September 11 terrorist attack water utilities tighten security measures. Filter Backwash Rule promulgated.
2002 – Bio-terrorism Act requires water systems serving 3,300 or more people to conduct vulnerability assessments and complete emergency response plans.
2003 – Long- 2 Enhanced SWTR and the Stage 2 DPD Rule are proposed.
2004 – AWWA Journal celebrates 90th anniversary. Journal circulation reaches 46,300.
2005 – Twenty-first edition of Standard Methods for the Examination of Water & Wastewater published.
2006 – AWWA membership stands at 57,566. AWWA celebrates 125th anniversary.
2008 – Jeff Zdrojewski was elected AWWA Vice-President from New York Section
2009 - Effective January 2009 AWWA initiated a new biweekly electronic newsletter “AWWA Streamlines” , merging E-Mainstream and Water Week and expanding AWWA’s strong news coverage to more members.

EVENTS CALENDAR

April 21-23, 2009 – New York’s Water Event ’09 in Saratoga Springs, New York
May 6-7, 2009 – AWWA Seminar on Water Demand and Conservation Management: Planning, Policy, and Rates, Orlando, Fla.
May 20-21, 2009 – AWWA Seminar on Distribution System Assessment and Rehabilitation, Charlotte, N.C

WELCOME NEW MEMBERS

Jeanne Cooke (Mountain View Mobile Home Park)
Robert M. Fuchs
Michael Goodwin (Saratoga Springs City School District)
Louis J. Ingrassia (Town of Wallkill Water & Sewer Dept.)
Robert Lecher (RepLogix LLC)
Seth J. Schneider (Malcolm Pirnie Inc.)

FOOD FOR THOUGHT

FAR AWAY THERE IN THE SUNSHINE ARE MY HIGHEST ASPIRATIONS. I MAY NOT REACH THEM BUT I CAN LOOK UP AND SEE THEIR BEAUTY, BELIEVE IN THEM, AND TRY TO FOLLOW THEM. Louisa May Alcott

Tuesday, March 10, 2009

Thursday, March 5, 2009

100th Anniversary Logo Contest

This post will be updated as more submissions come in. Please provide your comments on what you like/dislike and the board will take feedback into consideration when voting on TUESDAY, MARCH 10, 2009 AT 2:30 P.M.! Thanks to our members who are submitting ideas!

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Monthly Newsletter for Section Leaders: Volume 1, Number 11 (March 2009)

SECTION CHAIR’S MESSAGE

Shyam S. Mohanka, Ph. D., P.E., BCEE
Civil & Environmental Engineer

Discussion of second tier critical issues facing the water industry

INDUSTRY LEADERSHIP

Water utility managers understand that delivery of adequate supply of safe water is essential for public health protection. However, the 2007 and 2008 AWWA State of the Industry reports identified that one of the inadequately addressed issues by the water utility managers is the absence of an “industry-wide strategic direction”. There is a need to rise above local and regional politics to make important water management decisions. Bureaucracy seems to get in the way when hard-line issues need to be addressed. Politics are very costly to water.

The water supply industry is characterized by a very large investment with asset lifetimes ranging from 20 to 100 years. However, the very high replacement cost for existing infrastructure is pushing the water industry to seriously look for funding sources and water rate increase for making necessary repairs, replacements and regulatory mandated improvements. It is recommended that water utilities should formally develop a strategic plan to address the critical issues facing the water industry. The Strategic Direction Statement sets out long term vision, plans and aspirations to ensure that customers continue to receive a high quality service into the future at a sustainable and affordable cost. Here is a suggested Strategic Direction Statement over next 25 years for consideration:

. Provide continuous supply of safe water in sufficient quantity
. Ensure compliance with mandated regulatory improvements
. Plan for full cost recovery of infrastructure repairs, replacements, upgrades, including
Operation & maintenance of the water system
. Provide protection of water resources to ensure continuous supply of adequate quantity
of treatable water supply
. Implement workforce effective succession plan (Identify future workforce needs,
Allow the utility to compete effectively in the labor market and identify training,
recruitment and restructuring needs)
. Plan and educate all stakeholders (public, elected officials and decision makers) to
understand the true value of water and what it costs to deliver this service
. Implement effective, affordable state-of-the-art technology

. Minimize impact on the environment (Reduce energy use, proper handling of
Bio-solids & wastewater and consider impact of global warming/climate change)

TECHNOLOGY

Technology presented respondents with both opportunities and challenges as they tried to implement effective, affordable state-of-the-art advances. Members frequently recommended that water utilities must take advantage of membranes and energy-conservation technologies. The majority of publicly owned treatment works in the USA were constructed during the 1970s and 1980s. As these treatment plants begin to reach the end of their design lives, and as their effluent quality requirements become more restrictive, the need to rehabilitate or upgrade treatment is expanding and the use of innovative treatment technologies is vital.

ENERGY

Conserving energy and improving energy efficiency are the first step in reducing electricity and fuel use. Energy efficiency efforts reduce pollution and demand on resources, and can save money in many ways. With significant surges in energy prices during the last 12 months, it is time for water utilities to seriously consider renewable energy sources that are essentially inexhaustible (e.g. solar, wind, biomass). While fossil fuels are being depleted, renewable energy technologies provide a lasting source of energy. Utilities often resort to alternate, more expensive, polluting sources of energy during times of high-demand such as summer daytime hours. Reducing electricity use at the treatment plant facility during on-peak hours can help to minimize the need for utilities to operate beyond their base loads and can reduce their utility bill.

WASTEWATER

Wastewater, the least-mentioned issue for three years running, drew attention from respondents concerned about bio-solids disposal and storm water handling. The accumulated solids are the result of chemical coagulation, flocculation, and sedimentation of raw water. Treatment and disposal of water treatment sludge and treatment of water filter backwash from a drinking water treatment system is eligible under the Clean Water State Revolving Fund (CWSRF). CWSRF eligible project components include:

. Construction and/or replacement of sludge storage lagoons and tanks;
. Piping and pumping lines associated with sludge handling;
. Water treatment filter backwash piping, backwash water settling and/or storage tank and pumps, waste sludge piping, backwash recycle piping;
. Filter backwash and/or sludge treatment and disposal, including sludge handling equipment;
. Lime slurry storage and handling facilities;
. and Connection to municipal wastewater system.

Cost can be an important concern in waste disposal and often plays an important part in determining the disposal method used.

WATER FACTS, NEWS, IQ & TIPS

Water Facts (The Global Water Crisis): A person needs 4 to 5 gallons of water per day to survive. The average American individual uses 100 to 176 gallons of water at home each day.
Water-Related Disease Facts (The Global Water Crisis): 1.8 million children die each year from diarrhea – 4,900 deaths each day. No intervention has greater overall impact upon national development and public health than the provision of safe drinking water and the proper disposal of human waste.

AWWA Public Affairs Advisory (February 20, 2009): Drinking water utilities planning to introduce monochloramine into their systems should be aware of pockets of opposition from citizens’ groups in at least three states. The groups claim the disinfectant can cause rashes, respiratory problems and other negative health impacts. If you have any questions or would like additional information, please contact Greg Kail at 303-734-3410 or gkail@awwa.org.
AWWA Public Affairs Advisory (March 2, 2009): During the week of March 16-20, 2009, WaterSense is launching its very first “Fix a Leak Week”, an opportunity to encourage individuals to improve the water efficiency in their homes by checking for and fixing leaks. For more information on “Fix a Leak Week” visit www.epa.gov/watersense/fixaleak

AWWA & NYSAWWA MILESTONES (1980-89)

1980 – The 15th edition of Standards Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater is published. R.Rhodes Trussell et al startle the industry with the achievement of a 13.5 gpm/sq.ft filtration rate at Los Angeles, Calif.
1981- AWWA celebrates first 100th anniversary. First AWWA Main Stream issue published. AWWA establishes Education, Engineering & Construction, and Research divisions.
1982 – Third amendment to National Interim Primary Drinking Water Regulations (NIPDWRs) – special monitoring requirements for corrosion and sodium goes into effect. AWWA launched Waternet. Iowa returns SDWA primacy to USEPA. AWWA Waternet is launched. AIDS makes news headlines.
1983 – USEPA sets 0.10 mg/l standard for total trihalomethanes.
1983 - Dr. William O. Lynch was elected AWWA President from New York Section
1984 – AWWA Journal circulation grows to almost 30,000.
1985 – December, AWWA membership rises to 38, 787. Abel Wolman Fellowship established.
1986 – Safe Drinking Water Act reauthorized. Challenger explodes 30 seconds after liftoff and nuclear accident at Chernobyl stunned the world.
1987 – Congress overrides presidential veto of Clean Water Act reauthorization. USEPA promulgates the Public Notification Rule, requiring water utilities to notify customers of any noncompliance with regulations, and the Phase I rule, setting maximum contaminant level goals (MCLGs) for eight volatile organic contaminants. USEPA proposes Surface Water Treatment and total Coligorm Rules.
1988 – AWWA membership reaches 45,000. Water Industry Coordination Council founded. USEPA promulgates rule extending primacy to Indian tribes. Lead Contamination Control Act of 1988 amends SDWA.
1989 – USEPA proposes Phase II rule covering 39 organics and inorganic contaminants. AWWA Journal circulation exceeds 40,000. Zebra mussels become problem for northern water suppliers. Cryptosporidium found in 92% of source waters. Four people die in first outbreak of cryptosporidiosis in Cabool, GA. Exxon Valdez spills 11 million barrels of oil along the Alaska coast.

EVENTS CALENDAR

April 1-3, 2009 – AWWA Seminar on Financial Management, New Orleans, Louisiana
April 8-10, 2009 – Water Security Congress, Washington, D.C. (AWWA Conference)
April 8, 2009 – AWWA Web Cast on Water Resources in the West
April 22, 2009 – AWWA Web Cast on Trenchless Technology Applications in the Water Industry
April 20-23, 2009 – New York Section Annual Water Event, Saratoga Springs, New York

WELCOME NEW MEMBERS

Robert H. Auguston (field Point Mobile Home Park), Albert Baker (Breeze Eastern Comp.), Steven S. Bennett, Allen M. Hill and Rondell R. Potts (vulcraft of New York), Michael J. Boufis (Bethpage Water District), Ashley Brown (Malcolm Pirnie Inc.), Levi Carling (Town of Newfield), Michael E. Cook (U.S. Pipe), Bryan Gonzales and Scott John (Seneca Nation of Indians Tribal Utilities), Gary Holmes (NYSDEC), Thomas House (City of Oneonta WTP), Julie Hoy (Niagara Falls Water Board), David Osborn (Automatech Inc.), Rodney Peets (Ontario Water Utilities), Mark J. Searles (General Control Systems Inc.), Herb J. Werner (Fluid Metering Inc.) and Mark A. Yovella (Camo Pollution Control Inc.)

FOOD FOR THOUGHT

THE ONLY THING TO DO WITH GOOD ADVICE IS PASS IT ON. IT IS NEVER ANY USE TO ONESELF. Oscar Wilde

Monday, February 9, 2009

Monthly Newsletter for Section Leaders: Volume 1, Number 10 (February 2009)

SECTION CHAIR’S MESSAGE
Shyam S. Mohanka, Ph. D., P.E., BCEE
Civil & Environmental Engineer

Discussion of second tier critical issues facing the water industry

MACRO FACTORS

Macro factors can be described as major influences on the water industry that are outside the industry’s control. Among 2007 respondents, the two macro factors frequently mentioned were global warming/climate change and population growth. Regardless of your scientific interpretation or political stripe, it is clear that many parts of the world have experienced changing weather patterns and temperatures. Knowing how increasing temperatures will affect seasonal patterns of precipitation and what effects these changes will have on the water cycle is vitally important to water utilities. Water utilities must plan for uncertainties of climate change and its effects on water supplies and operations. Population increases and municipal and recreational uses, as well as growing uncertainties about the effects of climate change, call for a new approach to water use and water resource management. Although science hasn’t agreed on a model to predict the effects of rising temperatures, water utilities must make an attempt to do so and develop mitigation and adaptation strategies flexible enough to accommodate uncertainty.

Attendees made water supply a top priority at the January 2008 World Economic Forum meeting in Davos, Switzerland and the effects of population growth and climate change on water management dominated the program. In February 2008, eight major US water agencies united to form the Water Utility Climate Alliance, acknowledging that plans for future investment in water infrastructure must accommodate climate change projections (SFPUC, 2008). Clearly, the specter of climate change is recognized by the water community as a significant challenge to sustainable and reliable water supplies.

DRINKING WATER QUALITY

Survey responses reflected rising concerns about distribution water quality or quality at the point of use, with some respondents worried that infrastructure issues such as aging and corrosion adversely affected water quality for the end user. An engineer in the Northeast wrote, “I live near the most advanced treatment plant in Massachusetts, but my water goes through 80-year old pipes. Bottled water is sold here by the caseloads due to taste.”

The drinking water industry has increasingly focused its attention on water quality in the distribution system as the dynamic nature of these systems becomes better understood. Meeting existing and new regulations, a traditional driver for water quality in the distribution system, remains a challenge as revised laws such as the Total Coliform Rule and the forthcoming Stage 2 Disinfection By-Product Rule take effect. AWWARF’s research has established that distribution systems should be viewed not as a static network or inert pipes, but as biological and chemical reactors with complex interactions and outcomes.

Through compliance with existing regulations or their own progressive water-quality programs, many utility managers now have data that illuminates how the dynamics of source water quality, treatment processes, disinfectant residual, pipe materials and condition, and other factors affect the quality of finished water en route to customers’ taps. Because these inter-dependent elements vary widely from utility to utility, no standard guidance is possible. Utility managers should take into account their own system’s variables and AWWARF’s research can help them to understand the dynamics of their particular systems, prior to making changes to it.

CONSUMERS

Water professionals are concerned about the image of tap water versus bottled water, the lack of public communication about the true value and cost of tap water service, and the need for more education to improve conservation compliance. Water has a special problem because many people believe it should be free. So how can we overcome that dilemma and get everyone to value water? Unlike the bottled water industry, we in the municipal drinking water industry have not effectively marketed the value of our product and our service. In order for people to be willing to pay for a product or service, they must perceive it to have value. We need to sharpen our focus and reach out to our customers, our community leaders, and our elected officials and educate them just what it takes to get a safe and sufficient supply of water. Whether they operate in a municipally owned or investor-owned environment, water utility managers are recognizing that customers are their most strategic asset. Consumer satisfaction is important to water utilities to minimize customer complaints and associated costs, maintain customer goodwill, and increase customer support for utility improvement initiatives. Water utilities must provide superior customer service using information technology (IT) available today to deliver that service. Consumer education has been inadequately addressed, according to a utility manager in the West who stressed the importance of “keeping customers aware of water issues like they’ve become aware of electricity and natural gas issues.” An executive in the Midwest said, “People need to know that like cable TV and electricity, the cost to produce water rises.”

WATER FACTS, NEWS, IQ & TIPS

Water Facts: Millions of women and children spend several hours a day collecting water from distant, often polluted sources. Water systems fail at a rate of 50% or higher. Every $ 1.00 spent on water and sanitation creates on average another $ 8 in costs averted and productivity gained.
Water-Related Disease Facts: Human health improvements are influenced not only by the use of clean water, but also by personal hygiene habits and the use of sanitation facilities. Close to half of all people in developing countries are suffering at any given time from a health problem caused by water and sanitation deficits.

AWWA Legislative Alert (January 15, 2009): The U.S. House Committee on Appropriations today unveiled its proposal for infrastructure spending in the upcoming economic stimulus bill. It would provide $ 2 billion for drinking water infrastructure, $ 6 billion for wastewater infrastructure, and $ 1.5 billion for rural water projects of both types. Visit www.awwa.org/jobcreation for more information.

AWWA News Release (January 20, 2009): The American Water Works Association (AWWA), in partnership with the Water ISAC (Water Information Sharing and Analysis Centers), today announced that it will provide U.S. member utilities serving fewer than 50,000 people with an opportunity to test-drive the Water ISAC Pro Internet-based security information system.

The NYSAWWA Career Center: Both AWWA members and non-members can post jobs on the new Section Website to reach qualified candidates. The NYSAWW Career Center offers its organizational, individual and non-members an easy-to-use and highly targeted resource for online employment connections. For details contact Jane Mercurio at 315-455-2614.

AWWA & NYSAWWA MILESTONES (1970-79)

1970 – US Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) is created. W. Leslie Harris achieves a filtration rate of 10 gpm/sq. ft. at Contra Costa, California.
1970 – Shyam Mohanka was the first recipient of AWWA Academic Achievement Award from New York Section on his Ph.D. thesis on “Multilayer Filtration of Suspensions”.
1971 – Allen Hazen was the first recipient of AWWA “Water Industry Hall of Fame” Award from New York section.
1972 – Overriding President Nixon’s veto Congress enacts the Clean Water Act. Denver is selected as the new home of AWWA. Canada and USA sign the Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement.
1973 – George E. Symons was elected AWWA President from New York Section
1973 – Gunther F. Craun and Leland J. McCabe call for standards of Chemicals in drinking water. Donald J. Ptak et al report the distressing occurrence of klebsiella in a chlorinated water supply.
1974 – December, AWWA membership climbs to 23,500. Congress passes Public Law 93-523, and President Ford signs the Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA) into law. AWWA’s new logo incorporated into Journal’s cover design. Research work by Rook, Bellar, Lichtenberg and Kroner confirms the presence of chloroforms and other chlorinated compounds in drinking water as a result of chlorination.
1975 - AWWA publishes the first issue of Opflow.
1976 – W.R. Hutchinson’s work paves the way for reconsideration of direct filtration of high quality waters in the United States.
1977 – USEPA promulgates National Interim Primary Drinking Water Regulations (NIPDWRs). It covers inorganic, organic, and microbiological contaminants and turbildity. First amendment to NIPDWRs dealimg with radionuclides goes into effect.
1979 – The AWWA Water Utility Council established. USEPA promulgates an interim primary drinking water standard for total trihalomethanes of 0.1 mg/l

EVENTS CALENDAR

March 1-4, 2009 – AWWA Joint Conference on Customer Service/Information Management Technology, Charlotte, North Carolina
March 4-5, 2009 – AWWA Seminar on Climate Changes and Water Utilities, Arlington, VA
March 11, 2009 – AWWA Web Cast on High Technology Tools for Operators
March 15-18, 2009 – AWWA Membrane Technology Conference, Memphis, Tennessee
March 25, 2009 – AWWA Web Cast on Perchlorate and Emerging Contaminants: Where Are We Now?

FOOD FOR THOUGHT
TWENTY YEARS FROM NOW YOU WILL BE MORE DISAPPOINTED BY THE THINGS THAT YOU DIDN’T DO THAN BY THE ONES YOU DID DO. SO THROW OFF THE BOWLINES, SAIL AWAY FROM THE SAFE HARBOR, CATCH THE TRADE WINDS IN YOUR SAILS, EXPLORE, DREAM AND DISCOVER. Mark Twain